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No. 62 Commando

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No. 62 Commando
Combined Operations Shoulder Patch Insignia of Combined Operations units it is a combination of a red Thompson submachine gun, a pair of wings, an anchor and mortar rounds on a black backing
Active1941–43
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeCommando
RoleAmphibious warfare
Close-quarters combat
Desert warfare
Direct action
Raiding
Size55 men maximum
Part ofCombined Operations
Special Operations Executive
Garrison/HQAnderson Manor, Poole
Nickname(s)Small Scale Raiding Force
EngagementsSecond World War

No. 62 Commando or the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF) was a British Commando unit of the British Army during the Second World War. The unit was formed around a small group of commandos under the command of the Special Operations Executive (SOE). They carried out a number of raids before being disbanded in 1943.

Background

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The commandos were formed in 1940 by order of Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister. He called for specially trained troops who would "develop a reign of terror down the enemy coast".[1] At first they were a small force of volunteers who carried out small raids in enemy-occupied territory,[2] but by 1943 their role had changed and they had become lightly equipped assault infantry specialising in spearheading amphibious landings.[3]

The man initially selected as the commander of the force was Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, himself a veteran of the landings at Galipoli and the Zeebrugge raid during the First World War.[4] Keyes resigned in October 1941 and was replaced by Admiral Louis Mountbatten.[5]

By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered for commando training and what became known as the Special Service Brigade was formed into 12 units called commandos.[5] Each commando numbered about 450 men and was commanded by a lieutenant colonel. Each was divided into troops of 75 men and further divided into sections of 15 men.[5] Commandos were all volunteers seconded from other British Army regiments, and retained their own cap badges and remained on their regimental rolls for pay.[6] All volunteers went through a six-week intensive commando course at Achnacarry in the Scottish Highlands, which concentrated on fitness, speed marches, weapons training, map reading, climbing, small boat operations, and demolitions both by day and by night.[7]

By 1943 the commandos had moved away from small raiding operations and most of them had been formed into brigades of assault infantry to spearhead future Allied landing operations. Three units were left unbrigaded to carry out smaller-scale raids.[8]

Operations

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No. 62 Commando, formed in 1941, consisted of a small group of 55 commando-trained personnel working under the Special Operations Executive (SOE), where it was also known as the Small Scale Raiding Force (SSRF).[9] Under the operational control of Combined Operations Headquarters, No. 62 Commando was commanded by Major Gustavus Henry March-Phillipps.[10] Its first operation, Operation Postmaster, was in January 1942, when March-Phillipps led the seizure of an Italian liner, a German tanker and a yacht from Fernando Po.[9][11] The SSRF used HM MTB 344, a motor torpedo boat nicknamed The Little Pisser because of its outstanding turn of speed. The SSRF carried out a number of cross-channel operations, but had mixed fortunes. Operation Barricade and Operation Dryad were complete successes, but Operation Aquatint, on 12/13 September 1942 at Sainte-Honorine on the coast of Normandy, resulted in the loss of all the men involved, including March-Phillipps.[9] One member of the raiding party, Captain Graham Hayes MC, managed to reach France and eventually made his way to Spain, but was betrayed by a French double agent and handed to the Germans.[12] After nine months' solitary confinement in Fresnes Prison he was executed on 13 July 1943.[13]

With the loss of March-Phillipps, Major Geoffrey Appleyard was given command.[14] On 3/4 October 1942 the SSRF carried out a raid on the Channel Island of Sark, codenamed Operation Basalt, with men from No. 12 Commando attached. After the raid a number of dead and wounded Germans were found tied up (they had been shot while trying to escape), which resulted in the prisoners captured in the Dieppe raid being tied up and the Nazi German Commando Order dictating the execution of all captured commandos.[9]

In early 1943 No. 62 Commando was disbanded and its members were dispersed among other formations. A number went to the Middle East and served in the Special Boat Squadron, most notably Major Anders Lassen, the only member of the Special Air Service awarded the Victoria Cross during the war.[9][15] Appleyard also went to the Middle East and helped to form the 2nd Special Air Service from a detachment of No. 62 Commando under the command of Bill Stirling, elder brother of David Stirling. Neither Lassen nor Appleyard survived the war.[14]

Battle honours

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The following battle honours were awarded to the British Commandos during the Second World War.[16]

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Chappell, p.5
  2. ^ Chappell, p.3
  3. ^ Moreman, p.8
  4. ^ Chappell, p.6
  5. ^ a b c Haskew, p.48
  6. ^ Moreman, p.12
  7. ^ van der Bijl, p.12
  8. ^ Moreman, pp.84–85
  9. ^ a b c d e Chappell, p.48
  10. ^ Foot, p.167
  11. ^ Hastings, Max (27 March 2005). "Shall We Have a Bash, Chaps?". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  12. ^ Gerard Fournier and Andre Heintz, If I Must Die, p. 212 ISBN 978-2-915762-05-1
  13. ^ Brown, p.62.
  14. ^ a b Howarth, p.33
  15. ^ Langley, Mike (1988). Anders Lassen, V.C., M.C., of the S.A.S. New English Library. ISBN 978-0450424922.
  16. ^ Moreman, p.94

Bibliography

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  • Brown, Gordon (2009). Wartime Courage. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-9607-3.
  • Chappell, Mike (1996). Army Commandos 1940–45. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-579-9.
  • Foot, Michael (2004). SOE in France: An Account of the Work of the British Special Operations. Routledge. ISBN 0-7146-5528-7.
  • Haskew, Michael E (2007). Encyclopaedia of Elite Forces in the Second World War. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-577-4.
  • Howarth, Patrick (1980). Undercover: The Men and Women of the Special Operations Executive. Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-0573-3.
  • Moreman, Timothy (2006). British Commandos 1940–46. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-986-X.
  • Owen, James (2012). Commando. London: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-1-4087-0302-1.

Further reading

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